Luqmanov Asilbek Osman’s son is a 4th-level student of Alfraganus University Medical Faculty.
Abstract: In this article, opinions are expressed from the point of view of the physiological significance of the human body structure.
Key words: Chemical elements Cells Tissues Main systems of human body External features Internal organs Human body in religious and philosophical context Body in Chinese medicine.
Human body: It is the physical manifestation of the human being, a collection of chemical elements, mobile electrons and electromagnetic fields contained in extracellular materials and cellular components hierarchically organized in cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. The human body is a whole, a very dynamic system that maintains its form and function, even as individual cells are regularly dismantled and replaced by new ones. A number of fields deal with the study of the human body. Anatomy, for example, focuses on the structure and shape of the human body, describing organs and organ systems. Human physiology, a specialized branch of physiology, studies the functioning of the human body, including its systems, tissues, and cells. The study of tissues is the focus of histology, while the study of cells is part of cytology. The human body is a complex organism, with cells, tissues, organs and systems working in perfect harmony. In Eastern medicine, the term means that the human body contains a network of immaterial mental or energetic pathways. This leads to a holistic understanding of the mind-body relationship.
Chemical elements:
The most common chemical elements in the human body are oxygen (65 percent by mass), carbon (18 percent), hydrogen (10 percent), nitrogen (3 percent), calcium (1.5 percent), and phosphorus (1 percent). . , Rodwell and Mayes 1977). These six elements make up 99% of the mass of the human body. Potassium (0.35 percent), sulfur (0.25 percent), sodium (0.15 percent), and magnesium (0.05 percent) are the next four most common elements. Ten elements make up 0.7% of the human body mass: iron, copper, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, manganese and cobalt. Trace elements identified include lithium, strontium, aluminum, silicon, lead, vanadium, arsenic and bromine. The most abundant chemical compound in the human body is water, which is 65% to 90% by weight of cells. Four other common compounds are carbohydrates (such as glucose or starch), lipids (fats), nucleic acids, and proteins. These last four include the element carbon.
Cells: It is estimated that the average adult human body has between ten trillion and one hundred trillion cells. Their sizes range from the smallest sperm cell to the largest egg cell. The sperm head is about 2.5 – 3.5 microns wide and 5 – 7 microns long, and the tail is about 50 – 80 microns long. The diameter of the egg cell is about 60 microns. Although muscle cells may be considered larger, they are multinucleated and represent the aggregation of many individual cells. Nerve cells are large because of the axons, but the actual cell body is smaller than an egg.
There are different types of cells and they differ in size, shape and function. The type of cells include bone cells, blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, stomach cells, etc. Red blood cells provide oxygen, bone cells provide the body’s skeleton, nerve cells provide electrical signals, and muscle cells move bones. Stomach cells secrete acids for digestion, intestinal cells absorb nutrients.
Tissues: Tissues are collections of similar cells that perform a specific function. There are four main tissues in the human body:
Muscle tissue. Muscle tissue, which is made up of muscle cells and has the ability to contract and relax, makes up the muscles of the body. There are approximately 650 skeletal muscles in the human body. These muscles are of three general types: smooth muscle (or “involuntary muscle”), such as in the intestines and throat; cardiac muscle, an involuntary muscle found only in the heart; and skeletal muscle, voluntary muscle attached to bones by tendons and used for skeletal movement. All three types of muscles use actin and myosin to contract and relax and thus move. Exercise does not increase muscle mass, but increases the size of muscle cells.
Nervous tissue. Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Neurons have excitable membranes that allow them to produce and transmit electrical signals. They are found in the peripheral nervous system, spinal cord and brain. Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that form, maintain, and nourish myelin and aid in signal transmission. It is estimated that the human brain has 50 times more glial cells than neurons.
Epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue consists of densely packed cells that form continuous layers and serve as a lining for various parts of the body. Epithelial tissue protects and helps separate organs. Epithelial tissue lines the external (skin) and internal (mouth, stomach, intestines, lungs, reproductive and urinary tracts, endocrine glands, exocrine glands, etc.) body.
Connective tissue. Connective tissue is made up of different types of cells and usually provides support, protection and structure to the human body. For example, cartilage, tendons, inner layers of the skin, bone, ligaments, lymph and adipose tissue. Blood is also a connective tissue. Connective tissue is surrounded or embedded in a matrix that can be solid, semi-solid, or even fluid. Blood is surrounded by a liquid matrix, fat cells are surrounded by a semi-solid matrix. Bone, or bone tissue, contains specialized cells (osteocytes) within a mineralized extracellular matrix that helps the bone function as a connective tissue. Fibrous strands of collagen protein often provide strength to connective tissue.
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Luqmanov Asilbek Osman’s son is a 4th-level student of Alfraganus University, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine.
